General, Nextcloud, RaspberryPi, Ubuntu

Following this guide you will be able to install and configure Nextcloud 20 based on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS, Apache 2.4.52 (mpm_event, http2), PHP 8.1 (php8.1-fpm), MariaDB, fail2ban, and achieve an A+ rating from both: Nextcloud and Qualys SSL Labs. We will request and implement the ssl certificate from Let’s Encrypt in this guide.

Nextcloud is a suite of client-server software for creating and using file hosting services. Nextcloud is free and open-source, which means that anyone is allowed to install and operate it on their own private server devices.

With the integrated OnlyOffice, Nextcloud application functionally is similar to Dropbox, Office 365 or Google Drive, but can be used on home-local computers or for off-premises file storage hosting.

Before we start let’s update and upgrade the database to the latest package updates and upgrades.

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

Follow the procedure mentioned in the below article to install LAMP stack on Ubuntu Server.

Download and extract the latest Nextcloud Release

cd /tmp
wget https://download.nextcloud.com/server/releases/latest.zip
unzip latest.zip

Change owner to be www-data

sudo chown -R www-data:www-data nextcloud

Move this directory to /var/www/html/ directory

sudo mv nextcloud /var/www/html/

Configure Apache Web Server, Create a new configuration file under /etc/apache2/sites-available

sudo vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/nextcloud.conf

And then paste these lines

Alias /nextcloud "/var/www/html/nextcloud/"
<Directory /var/www/html/nextcloud/>
Options +FollowSymlinks
AllowOverride All
<IfModule mod_dav.c>
Dav off
</IfModule>
SetEnv HOME /var/www/html/nextcloud
SetEnv HTTP_HOME /var/www/html/nextcloud
</Directory>

Create Symbolic link

sudo ln -s /etc/apache2/sites-available/nextcloud.conf /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/nextcloud.conf

Additional apache configuration, Execute these commands to enable some modules

sudo a2enmod headers
sudo systemctl restart apache2
sudo a2enmod env
sudo a2enmod dir
sudo a2enmod mime

Create a MySQL database and user for Nextcloud on Ubuntu

sudo mysql -u root -p

You’ll be prompted to enter the Linux User password, then execute the underneath commands in blue, replace ‘12345’ with the password desired

MariaDB [(none)]> create database nextcloud;
MariaDB [(none)]> create user nextcloud@localhost identified by '12345';
MariaDB [(none)]> grant all privileges on nextcloud.* to nextcloud@localhost identified by '12345';
MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges;
MariaDB [(none)]> exit;

Mounting an external hard drive for Nextcloud on Ubuntu

These instructions are for mounting an NTFS formatted hard drive and allowing nextCloud to store files onto it. Now would be a good time to plug in the external Hard Drive to the Linux machine. Having an NTFS drive we will need to install a NFTS package by entering the following

sudo apt-get install ntfs-3g -y

Make a directory we can mount to

sudo mkdir /mnt/nextclouddrive

Create and add the www-data user to the www-data group:

sudo groupadd www-data
sudo usermod -a -G www-data www-data

Make the user www-data owner of the mounted drive and make its permissions read, write and execute

sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /mnt/nextclouddrive
sudo chmod -R 775 /mnt/nextclouddrive

Now we need to get the gid, uid and the uuid as we will need to use them so the machine will remember it even if we plug it into a different USB port. Enter the following command for the gid

sudo id -g www-data

Now to get the uid enter the following command

sudo id -u www-data

Also we meed to get the UUID of the attached external hard drive so the linux machine can remember this drive even if you plug it into a different USB port

sudo ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid

Now add your drive into the fstab file so it’ll boot with the proper permissions

sudo vi /etc/fstab

And add the following line

UUID=ENTERCORRECTUUID /mnt/nextclouddrive auto nofail,uid=33,gid=33,umask=0027,dmask=0027,noatime 0 0

Nextcloud First Access Setup

1. Open your browser and enter the IP address provided, <ipaddress>/nextcloud you’ll be directed to your nextCloud storage server.
2. You should be presented with a simple setup screen, Here enter a username and password to create an admin account.
3. Click on Storage & database dropdown and enter your external hard drive directory: /mnt/nextclouddrive
4. Immediately underneath enter your MySQL details as follows

Username: nextcloud
Password: 12345
Database: nextcloud
Server: localhost

5. Click on ‘Finish Setup’ button. That’s it. We’re good to go. Nextcloud 24 installed on Ubuntu Linux is now ready for use.

To Enable and Configure SSL for NextCloud on Ubuntu for Secure Access using LetsEncrypt Secure Cerificates, follow the below mentioned article.

Add newly certified domain to the list of trusted sites

Open nextcloud config file

sudo vi /var/www/html/nextcloud/config/config.php

and add the following lines

'trusted_domains' => 
		    array ( 
		       0 => 'xxy.xyx.yxx.xxx', # Local IP
		       1 => 'xxx.xxy.xyx.xxy', # Public IP
		       2 => 'mydomain.com',      # Public IP mapped domain name
                      ),
		 'overwrite.cli.url' => 'https://mydomain.com/nextcloud'

Try accessing your cloud with cetified domain name https://domain.com/nextcloud.

That’s it, you are done! You have secured your Nextcloud instance with SSL Certificates

Tune your PHP settings for Nextcloud Performance on Ubuntu

sudo cp /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf.old
sudo cp /etc/php/8.1/cli/php.ini /etc/php/8.1/cli/php.ini.old
sudo cp /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini.old
sudo cp /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini.old
sudo cp /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php-fpm.conf /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php-fpm.conf.old
sudo sed -i "s/;env\[HOSTNAME\] = /env[HOSTNAME] = /" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sudo sed -i "s/;env\[TMP\] = /env[TMP] = /" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sudo sed -i "s/;env\[TMPDIR\] = /env[TMPDIR] = /" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sudo sed -i "s/;env\[TEMP\] = /env[TEMP] = /" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sudo sed -i "s/;env\[PATH\] = /env[PATH] = /" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sudo sed -i "s/pm.max_children = .*/pm.max_children = 240/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sudo sed -i "s/pm.start_servers = .*/pm.start_servers = 20/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sudo sed -i "s/pm.min_spare_servers = .*/pm.min_spare_servers = 10/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sudo sed -i "s/pm.max_spare_servers = .*/pm.max_spare_servers = 20/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sudo sed -i "s/;pm.max_requests = 500/pm.max_requests = 500/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sudo sed -i "s/output_buffering =.*/output_buffering = Off/" /etc/php/8.1/cli/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/max_execution_time =.*/max_execution_time = 1800/" /etc/php/8.1/cli/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/max_input_time =.*/max_input_time = 3600/" /etc/php/8.1/cli/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/post_max_size =.*/post_max_size = 10240M/" /etc/php/8.1/cli/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;upload_tmp_dir =.*/upload_tmp_dir = \/upload_tmp/" /etc/php/8.1/cli/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/upload_max_filesize =.*/upload_max_filesize = 10240M/" /etc/php/8.1/cli/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/max_file_uploads =.*/max_file_uploads = 100/" /etc/php/8.1/cli/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;date.timezone.*/date.timezone = Europe\/\Berlin/" /etc/php/8.1/cli/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;session.cookie_secure.*/session.cookie_secure = True/" /etc/php/8.1/cli/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.enable_cli = 1' /etc/php/8.1/cli/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/memory_limit = 128M/memory_limit = 512M/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/output_buffering =.*/output_buffering = Off/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/max_execution_time =.*/max_execution_time = 1800/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/max_input_time =.*/max_input_time = 3600/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/post_max_size =.*/post_max_size = 10240M/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;upload_tmp_dir =.*/upload_tmp_dir = \/upload_tmp/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/upload_max_filesize =.*/upload_max_filesize = 10240M/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/max_file_uploads =.*/max_file_uploads = 100/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;date.timezone.*/date.timezone = Europe\/\Berlin/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;session.cookie_secure.*/session.cookie_secure = True/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;opcache.enable=.*/opcache.enable=1/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;opcache.enable_cli=.*/opcache.enable_cli=1/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;opcache.memory_consumption=.*/opcache.memory_consumption=128/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;opcache.interned_strings_buffer=.*/opcache.interned_strings_buffer=8/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;opcache.max_accelerated_files=.*/opcache.max_accelerated_files=10000/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;opcache.revalidate_freq=.*/opcache.revalidate_freq=1/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;opcache.save_comments=.*/opcache.save_comments=1/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;emergency_restart_threshold =.*/emergency_restart_threshold = 10/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php-fpm.conf
sudo sed -i "s/;emergency_restart_interval =.*/emergency_restart_interval = 1m/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php-fpm.conf
sudo sed -i "s/;process_control_timeout =.*/process_control_timeout = 10s/" /etc/php/8.1/fpm/php-fpm.conf
sudo sed -i "s/output_buffering =.*/output_buffering = Off/" /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/max_execution_time =.*/max_execution_time = 1800/" /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/max_input_time =.*/max_input_time = 3600/" /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/post_max_size =.*/post_max_size = 10240M/" /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;upload_tmp_dir =.*/upload_tmp_dir = \/upload_tmp/" /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/upload_max_filesize =.*/upload_max_filesize = 10240M/" /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/max_file_uploads =.*/max_file_uploads = 100/" /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;date.timezone.*/date.timezone = Europe\/\Berlin/" /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;session.cookie_secure.*/session.cookie_secure = True/" /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;opcache.enable=.*/opcache.enable=1/" /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;opcache.enable_cli=.*/opcache.enable_cli=1/" /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;opcache.memory_consumption=.*/opcache.memory_consumption=128/" /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;opcache.interned_strings_buffer=.*/opcache.interned_strings_buffer=8/" /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;opcache.max_accelerated_files=.*/opcache.max_accelerated_files=10000/" /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;opcache.revalidate_freq=.*/opcache.revalidate_freq=1/" /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/;opcache.save_comments=.*/opcache.save_comments=1/" /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/memory_limit = 128M/memory_limit = 512M/" /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.enabled=1' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.file_update_protection=2' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.optimization=0' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.shm_size=256M' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.include_once_override=0' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.shm_segments=1' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.ttl=7200' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.user_ttl=7200' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.gc_ttl=3600' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.num_files_hint=1024' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.enable_cli=0' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.max_file_size=5M' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.cache_by_default=1' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.use_request_time=1' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.slam_defense=0' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.mmap_file_mask=/usr/local/tmp/apc/apc.XXXXXX' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.stat_ctime=0' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.canonicalize=1' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.write_lock=1' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.report_autofilter=0' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.rfc1867=0' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.rfc1867_prefix =upload_' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.rfc1867_name=APC_UPLOAD_PROGRESS' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.rfc1867_freq=0' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.rfc1867_ttl=3600' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.lazy_classes=0' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i '$aapc.lazy_functions=0' /etc/php/8.1/apache2/php.ini
sudo sed -i "s/09,39.*/# &/" /etc/cron.d/php

Setup a PHP Garbage clean session cronjob

sudo crontab -e

and add the following line

09,39 * * * * /usr/lib/php/sessionclean 2>&1

Tune your Nextcloud .htaccess settings for Performance

After a few seconds Nexcloud will be installed and you will be redirected to Nextclouds file app. Please log out directly and make further ammendments. Open the file

sudo -u www-data vi /var/www/html/nextcloud/.htaccess

Replace the red ones to your requirements:

...
<IfModule mod_php7.c>
php_value upload_max_filesize 10240M
php_value post_max_size 10240M
php_value memory_limit 512M
php_value mbstring.func_overload 0
php_value default_charset 'UTF-8'
php_value output_buffering 'Off'
<IfModule mod_env.c>
...

Configure and enable a Nextcloud cron-job

sudo crontab -u www-data -e

Paste the following row

*/15 * * * * php -f /var/www/html/nextcloud/cron.php > /dev/null 2>&1
5 1 * * * php -f /var/www/html/nextcloud/occ files:scan-app-data  > /dev/null 2>&1

Switch from Ajax to Cron using Nextcloud CLI

sudo -u www-data php /var/www/html/nextcloud/occ background:cron

Modify the mpm_event.conf

Open the file

sudo vi /etc/apache2/mods-available/mpm_event.conf

and change the “MaxConnectionsPerChild” value to 1000

StartServers 2
MinSpareThreads 25
MaxSpareThreads 75
ThreadLimit 64
ThreadsPerChild 25
MaxRequestWorkers 150
MaxConnectionsPerChild 1000

Enable HTTP2

We will enable http2 by issuing the following command

sudo a2enmod http2
sudo service php8.1-fpm restart
sudo service apache2 restart

now create a http2.conf with few settings

sudo vi /etc/apache2/conf-available/http2.conf

then paste the following rows

<IfModule http2_module>
Protocols h2 h2c http/1.1
H2Direct on
H2StreamMaxMemSize 5120000000
</IfModule>

lastly enable this configuration by issuing

sudo a2enconf http2
sudo service apache2 restart

Finally we will secure Apache to a minimum level by disabling Apache status module (as long as you won’t need it in particular) and altering the security.conf

sudo a2dismod status
sudo vi /etc/apache2/conf-available/security.conf

Change the values to the red ones

ServerTokens Prod
ServerSignature Off
TraceEnable Off

and restart PHP, Apache2 and Redis one last time.

sudo service php8.1-fpm restart
sudo service redis-server restart
sudo service apache2 restart

Nextcloud is fully optimized for performance and already up and running!

Enable Thumbnail / Previews for Videos, Pictures and Documents

Open nextcloud config file

sudo vi /var/www/html/nextcloud/config/config.php

and add the following lines

'enable_previews' => true,
  'enabledPreviewProviders' =>
  array (
    'OC\Preview\Movie',
    'OC\Preview\PNG',
    'OC\Preview\JPEG',
    'OC\Preview\GIF',
    'OC\Preview\BMP',
    'OC\Preview\XBitmap',
    'OC\Preview\MP3',
    'OC\Preview\MP4',
    'OC\Preview\TXT',
    'OC\Preview\MarkDown',
    'OC\Preview\PDF'
  ),

Save and close the file, now restart the apache2 server

sudo service apache2 restart

Get rid of nextcloud warnings on Ubuntu

Login into nextcloud with your username and password, go to Settings -> Overview -> Security & setup warnings, if you see warnings, follow the below mentioned steps to get rid of them

HSTS header related warning

Add the following line in the SSL server block to enable HSTS header related warning

sudo vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl.conf

and add the following line at the top

Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000"

Save the file and restart the apache2 sever

sudo service apache2 restart

No memory cache has been configured for Nextcloud

To enhance your performance please configure a memcache if available.: Add the following line to the following file

sudo apt install redis-server
redis-server -v
sudo systemctl status redis
sudo systemctl start redis-server
sudo systemctl enable redis-server
sudo apt install php-redis
php --ri redis
sudo phpenmod redis
sudo systemctl reload apache2

Open the following file

sudo vi /var/www/html/nextcloud/config/config.php

and add the below lines

#'memcache.local' => '\\OC\\Memcache\\APCu',
'memcache.distributed' => '\OC\Memcache\Redis',
'memcache.local' => '\OC\Memcache\Redis',
'memcache.locking' => '\OC\Memcache\Redis',
'redis' => array(
    'host' => 'localhost',
     'port' => 6379,
 ),

and restart the apache2 and php7.4 server

sudo systemctl restart apache2 php8.1-fpm

Forward secrecy key exchange warning for Nextcloud on Ubuntu

While running SSL Test https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/ if you see forward scerecy key exchange warning open the file

sudo vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl.conf

and add the following rows

SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3
SSLHonorCipherOrder on
SSLCipherSuite "EECDH+ECDSA+AESGCM EECDH+aRSA+AESGCM EECDH+ECDSA+SHA384 EECDH+ECDSA+SHA256 EECDH+aRSA+SHA384 EECDH+aRSA+SHA256 EECDH+aRSA+RC4 EECDH EDH+aRSA RC4 !aNULL !eNULL !LOW !3DES !MD5 !EXP !PSK !SRP !DSS"

restart the apache2 server

sudo service apache2 restart

Caldav and Carddav warning

To get rid of caldav error, add the lines below to the end of the file

sudo vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/nextcloud.conf

and add the below mentioned lines at the end

Redirect 301 /.well-known/carddav /nextcloud/remote.php/dav
Redirect 301 /.well-known/caldav /nextcloud/remote.php/dav

restart the apache2 server

sudo service apache2 restart

The database is missing some indexes

cd /var/www/html/nextcloud/
sudo -u www-data php occ db:add-missing-indices

Coversion to Big Int

Some columns in the database are missing a conversion to big int. Due to the fact that changing column types on big tables could take some time they were not changed automatically

cd /var/www/html/nextcloud/
sudo -u www-data php occ maintenance:mode --on
sudo -u www-data php occ db:convert-filecache-bigint
sudo -u www-data php occ maintenance:mode --off

Get rid of nextcloud warnings

Webfinger and Nodeinfo Warning

If you see the following warning after upgrading or installing Nextcloud 21.0.3

Your web server is not properly set up to resolve “/.well-known/webfinger”. Further information can be found in the documentation.
Your web server is not properly set up to resolve “/.well-known/nodeinfo”. Further information can be found in the documentation

Open the file

sudo vi etc/apache2/sites-available/nextcloud.conf

and add the lines

Redirect 301 /.well-known/webfinger /nextcloud/index.php/.well-known/webfinger
Redirect 301 /.well-known/nodeinfo /nextcloud/index.php/.well-known/nodeinfo

Restart the apache2 server

sudo service apache2 restart

Database missing Indexes

If you see the following warning after upgrading or installing Nextcloud 21.0.3

The database is missing some indexes. Due to the fact that adding indexes on big tables could take some time they were not added automatically. By running "occ db:add-missing-indices" those missing indexes could be added manually while the instance keeps running. Once the indexes are added queries to those tables are usually much faster.
Missing index "fs_size" in table "oc_filecache"

Go to the following directory

cd /var/www/html/nextcloud/

and run the following command

sudo -u www-data ./occ db:add-missing-indices

Restart the apache2 server

sudo service apache2 restart

Installation has no default region

If you see the following warning after upgrading or installing Nextcloud

Your installation has no default phone region set. This is required to validate phone numbers in the profile settings without a country code. To allow numbers without a country code, please add "default_phone_region" with the respective ISO 3166-1 code ↗ of the region to your config file

Open the nextcloud config file

sudo vi /var/www/html/nextcloud/config/config.php

and add the following line before the last line

'default_phone_region' => 'IN',

Restart the apache2 server

sudo service apache2 restart